Computer history and classification methods
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2nd session : Computer history and classification methods
【This is today’s learning goal!】
① You can understand and explain the history of computers and the process of changes in their use over time.
② You can understand and explain how to classify computers.
Learning content 1 : History of computers
Part 01: |
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History of computers | |
This is about early calculators and mechanical calculators.
◈ Early calculator
① The abacus was used in China in the 12th century (the first manual calculator).
② In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.
◈ Mechanical calculator
① Mechanical calculator: A calculator using a device.
② Pascal’s gear calculator: It is the first mechanical manual calculator.
③ 180 years after this adder was introduced, British mathematician Charles Babbage developed a calculator more advanced than Pascal's adder.
- Functions such as input devices, processors, control functions, storage locations, and output devices have become possible.
④ British mathematician Alan Turing theoretically proposed the ‘Turing machine’ in 1936, presenting the logical basis for computers.
MARK-I: An electromechanical automatic calculator implemented by Professor Howard Aiken of Harvard University in 1944, implementing Babbage's analytical engine principles.
① The first electronic computer: ENIAC developed by Mauchly and Ekit in 1946 → 18,000 vacuum tubes, weight 30 tons → It gradually developed into an external programming method using a wiring board.
② Program built-in method: This method loads data and programs to be executed into the main memory and then executes commands in order. (Neumann = modern computer)
③ EDSAC: After Wilkins introduced the embedded program method in 1949, Ekit and Mauchley implemented ENIAC into EDVAC, ushering in the computer era.
Part 02: |
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Generation classification of computers | |
▶ The world's first commercial digital electronic calculator developed in 1951 was UNIVAC I.
▶ It was first established at the U.S. Census Bureau to process census data.
▶ A characteristic of the first generation computers was the use of vacuum tubes.
▶ The program was written in machine language, not high-level language.
▶ Bardin, Braaten, and Shockley, three scientists at AT&T Bell Laboratories, invented the transistor in 1948.
▶ In 1956, there were companies such as IBM, Burroughs, Control Data, and Honeywell.
▶ The size of the computer was greatly reduced, power consumption was significantly reduced, and the calculation speed was much faster and it was evaluated as a highly reliable machine.
▶ The use of computers has spread to business, industry, airlines, universities, etc.
▶ Programs were developed using high-level languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
③ 3rd generation computer (1965~1971)
▶ Kilby of Texas Instrument and Noyes of Fairchild Semiconductor first developed IC (Integrated Circuit) chips between 1959 and 1961.
▶ Starting around 1964, conventional transistor elements in computers were replaced with IC chips.
▶ With the mass production of IC chips, the price of computers has become much cheaper, and computer performance has also improved incomparably.
▶ There were many types of mainframe computers throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the most representative mainframe being the IBM System/360.
▶ The most notable fact in the second half of the 3rd generation was the growth of minicomputers, and DEC developed the world's first minicomputer, PDP-8, in 1968.
④ Fourth generation computers (1971-1980)
▶ During this generation, computers were developed using the microprocessor as the main component of the technology.
▶ Microprocessors were also based on LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technologies. They were developed by assembling several integrated circuits on a single silicon chip.
▶ Microprocessors not only helped make computers smaller but also made them so powerful and reliable. Due to their compact size, computers became available for personal use during the fourth generation.
▶ Besides, high-level programming languages such as C, C ++, DBASE, etc. were used in computers of this generation. Time-sharing, network-based, distributed operating systems were also used in computers of this generation..
▶ Fifth-generation computers are based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, AI (artificial intelligence) software, and parallel processing hardware. ULSI has revolutionized the development of microprocessors.
▶ Now, about ten million electronic devices can be assembled on a single microprocessor chip. On the other hand, AI is helping computers to react efficiently against natural languages.
▶ The fifth-generation period is believed to have started in 1980 and is continuing. This means that the current generation is the fifth generation of computers. Fifth-generation computers are still using integrated circuits to meet various needs. However, the main technology is AI where there is still room for improvement.
Part 03: |
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Contemporary use and classification of computers | |
▶ The scope of use has expanded as a result of changes over time due to the development of computers.
▶ Computers were classified according to size, scope of use, processing method, and processing power.
◈ Changing times in computer use
① Institution-oriented computing era (beginning in the 1950s)
▶ Mainframe computers (large computers) are used by many people at the same time, mainly in large corporations, government agencies, and universities.
▶ Mainframe computers developed after the mid-1950s have an extremely limited user group.
▶ Today, mainframe computers are used in engineering and scientific fields that require complex calculations, corporate business applications, management information systems (MIS), large-scale CAD/CAM applications, factory automation, traffic management systems, military applications, and computer-assisted command and control. It is used in fields such as control systems (C3I).
② Personal computing era (started around 1975)
▶ In the early days of the emergence of personal computers, they were mainly used by individuals for document processing, data storage, and simple calculations.
▶ Before the Internet became common, personal computers were mainly used in the office automation field and included word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, statistical software, and graphics software.
③ The era of human-to-human computing (beginning around 1995)
▶ Before 1980, computers were mainly used in a stand-alone form.
▶ LAN (Local Area Network) using Ethernet, which connects computers distributed in various locations through a WAN network, has been active since 1980.
▶ In particular, web services were developed in 1989 after the birth of the Internet network.
▶ The web browser Netscape Navigator, released in 1994, and Microsoft's Internet Explorer, released in 1995, played a major role in popularizing Internet use.
④ The era of embedded and ubiquitous computing
▶ In the 1970s, microprocessor chips for computers were developed, and since then, special-purpose microprocessor chips and memory chips for home appliances have been developed.
▶ Today, all digital home appliances such as digital TVs, MP3 players, and digital cameras, as well as automobiles, have microprocessors built into them (i.e., embedded).
▶ In a ubiquitous environment, microprocessor chips exist hidden in various places, providing a useful environment for humans along with sensors.
Learning Content 2: Types of Computers
Part① |
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Mainframe computers and supercomputers | |
② Supercomputers are used when very complex and fast calculations are required, such as in weather forecasting, telephone network design, oil exploration, computer simulation, and medical image processing.
③ The world’s fastest ‘NEC Earth Simulator’ installed at the Yokohama Earth Science Research Institute in Japan performs 40 trillion mathematical calculations per second.
Part② |
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servers and workstations | |
① A server computer is a computer that supports multiple users simultaneously. Minicomputers or workstations are generally used.
② A workstation is a high-performance desktop computer with excellent calculation capabilities and is mainly used by professionals such as scientists, engineers, financial analysts, designers, and animation creators.
③ However, recently, as the performance of PCs has approached that of workstations, the boundary between workstations and PCs has become unclear.
Part③ |
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PCs and laptops | |
② A PC is, in principle, a relatively inexpensive computer designed for personal use.
③ Laptop computers are almost the same as PCs in terms of price and functionality, but are more portable. (Portability), Laptop Computer
Part④ |
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mobile computer | |
② Mobile computers include PDAs, smart phones, and netbooks.
③ With the wireless Internet function, real-time wireless Internet access is possible.
Part⑤ |
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embedded computer | |
2nd session : Summary of computer history and classification methods
1. Today's computer principles were proposed by British mathematician Babbage's Analytical Engine.
2. Von Neumann's program-embedded method proposed a program-embedded computer in which all data and programs are loaded into the computer's memory and then executed in order.
3. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as circuit elements, the second generation used transistors and magnetic cores, the third generation used integrated circuits, and the fourth generation used ultra-high density integrated circuits.
4. Mainframe computers are computers used by large organizations such as banks, airlines, large corporations, and public institutions.
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