EDUCATION
MUBA0013 | ||
Lecture Plan : ICT | ||
Subject : Introduction to Computer | ||
1 | ICT technology and digital revolution | |
2 | Computer history and classification methods | |
3 | Configuration and operation of computer systems | |
4 | Concept and development of operating systems | |
5 | system software | |
6 | Concept of programming language | |
7 | Algorithm Overview / Basic data structure | |
8 | Information and communication concepts and networks | |
9 | Network and Internet Network | |
10 | Information security and information protection | |
11 | Internet history and Internet services | |
12 | concept of web | |
13 | Social Media and Cloud Computing | |
14 | Database concept | |
15 | mobile computing | |
16 | Concept and composition of Internet of Things | |
17 | Multimedia concept and system configuration | |
18 | Concepts and systems of artificial intelligence | |
19 | ICT technology and social changes | |
20 | The 4th Industry and NUI | |
1st session, Introduction to Computers,
1st session, ICT Technology and Digital Revolution
【This is today’s learning goal!】
① The goal is to be able to examine and explain the significance of the digital revolution and the characteristics of a knowledge-based society.
② Our goal is to be able to examine and explain the importance and transition process of ICT technology.
Learning content 1: Digital revolution and knowledge-based society
▶ Key point 1 : Changing our society through the digital revolution
▶ Key point 2 : Changes in the components and use of ICT technology lead society
Part 01: |
|
Digital revolution and knowledge-based society | |
We can talk about information and communication technology (ICT) when the four major elements below come together.
① Hardware
② Software
③ Network (communication)
④ Information (data)
What is Information and Communication Technology (ICT)?
A brief look at the differences between ICT technology and computer science.
- Computer science typically refers to concepts, theories, and algorithms.
- ICT technology refers to utilization and practice based on computer science.
Part 02: |
|
Innovative technologies that have influenced humanity for 30 years | |
▶ There were two major changes.
▶ First, the Industrial Revolution occurred with the invention of the steam engine.
▶ The second is the information revolution that began
with the invention of computers in the mid-20th century.
▶ Due to the development of computers, the existing manufacturing-oriented industrial society ended
and a post-industrial society began, in which information and services lead social development.
▶ In today's knowledge-based economy, knowledge and information have become more important.
④ Let’s look at the story of Elvin Toffler’s “Third Wave” in 1980.
▶ first wave : Agricultural society (vast land, many livestock, workers)
▶ second wave : ndustrial society (labor-intensive mass production)
Continued development until the mid-20th century with the invention of railroads and electricity
Era of mass production of small varieties (territorial disputes and colonial history)
▶ Third Wave: Information Society (Increasing the Value of Information)
Change from a vertical social structure to a horizontal social structure, from centralized politics to local decentralized politics, and to an era of small-scale production of a large variety of products.
⑤ Major changes in industrial society and information society
▶ Changes in product productivity and computer-assisted information processing tasks have occurred.
revolution change | agricultural revolution | industrial revolution | information revolution |
cause of change | equipment | machinery and power | digital technology |
speed of change | static | gradual | exponential |
agent of change | physical force (labor force) | Economic power (business) | Knowledge and information (knowledge workers) |
structure of control | Blood ties and regional society | vertical society | horizontal society |
Revolutions that influenced human history
Part 03: |
|
Digital revolution and knowledge-based society | |
is more important than any other good.
The proportion of materials, energy, and information that changes with social changes
The image below shows the process of change from the 1st Industrial Revolution to the 4th Industrial Revolution.
of the information society.
▶ As digital communications developed and combined with computer technology, an era of communications revolution began.
▶ And it has made a global society possible by enabling the immediate production, transmission, and sharing of information beyond the limitations of place and time.
▶ In the United States, it took 37 years and 17 years for the telephone and television to reach 30% of the population, respectively, while it took only 7 and 4 years for the Internet and high-speed Internet, respectively.
Next, let's talk about the knowledge-based economy.
It has also brought about major changes in the economic paradigm as follows.
① Asset-based Economy, or Old Economy :
In the age of industrialization, tangible goods such as capital, labor, and resources are important.
② New Economy :
The knowledge-based economy is a phenomenon that emerged in developed countries, including the United States, in the late 1990s.
▶ Intangible assets such as differentiated technological capabilities (original technology, patents), premium brands, knowledge and information assets, and a strong management system and organizational culture are important driving forces for economic development.
③ knowledge-based economy
▶ A creative economy society that emphasizes corporate creativity
Components and use of ICT technology
It emphasizes the versatility and flexibility of computers and that society develops with the advancement of ICT technology.
Part① |
|
The versatility and flexibility of computers | |
▶ COMPUTER = General-Purpose Machine
* The concept of Turing machine aims to provide versatility and flexibility through programs (software).
Part② |
|
How does a computer possess such versatility? | |
② By using various input devices, sensors, and output devices, it can be used in a variety of ways depending on how it is used.
③ Early computers were intended for calculations and statistical processing in science and engineering.
Part③ |
|
Components of ICT | |
▶ The core of software is the problem-solving procedure, is an algorithm.
▶ Computer science is called ‘the science of algorithms.’
Part④ |
|
Changes in ICT Technology Importance | |
From the 1950s to the mid-1980s, a hardware-centered society for science and engineering data processing and use of computational machines
Currently, since the 2000s, the society has become centered on application/big data content for use of the Internet, mobile, and social media.
Summary of ICT technology and
digital revolution contents of Computer Introduction 1st session
1. ICT technology can be seen to mean all technologies that utilize computer hardware, software, networks (communication), and information (data) convergently.
2. In the information society, production and changes based on diverse knowledge base are accelerating from mass production, mass distribution, and mass consumption, which were the core concepts of the past industrialized society.
3. The components of ICT technology consist of hardware, software, procedures (algorithms), communication networks, people (users), and information.
2nd session : Computer history and classification methods
【This is today’s learning goal!】
① You can understand and explain the history of computers and the process of changes in their use over time.
② You can understand and explain how to classify computers.
Learning content 1 : History of computers
Part 01: |
|
History of computers | |
This is about early calculators and mechanical calculators.
◈ Early calculator
① The abacus was used in China in the 12th century (the first manual calculator).
② In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.
◈ Mechanical calculator
① Mechanical calculator: A calculator using a device.
② Pascal’s gear calculator: It is the first mechanical manual calculator.
③ 180 years after this adder was introduced, British mathematician Charles Babbage developed a calculator more advanced than Pascal's adder.
- Functions such as input devices, processors, control functions, storage locations, and output devices have become possible.
④ British mathematician Alan Turing theoretically proposed the ‘Turing machine’ in 1936, presenting the logical basis for computers.
MARK-I: An electromechanical automatic calculator implemented by Professor Howard Aiken of Harvard University in 1944, implementing Babbage's analytical engine principles.
① The first electronic computer: ENIAC developed by Mauchly and Ekit in 1946 → 18,000 vacuum tubes, weight 30 tons → It gradually developed into an external programming method using a wiring board.
② Program built-in method: This method loads data and programs to be executed into the main memory and then executes commands in order. (Neumann = modern computer)
③ EDSAC: After Wilkins introduced the embedded program method in 1949, Ekit and Mauchley implemented ENIAC into EDVAC, ushering in the computer era.
Part 02: |
|
Generation classification of computers | |
▶ The world's first commercial digital electronic calculator developed in 1951 was UNIVAC I.
▶ It was first established at the U.S. Census Bureau to process census data.
▶ A characteristic of the first generation computers was the use of vacuum tubes.
▶ The program was written in machine language, not high-level language.
▶ Bardin, Braaten, and Shockley, three scientists at AT&T Bell Laboratories, invented the transistor in 1948.
▶ In 1956, there were companies such as IBM, Burroughs, Control Data, and Honeywell.
▶ The size of the computer was greatly reduced, power consumption was significantly reduced, and the calculation speed was much faster and it was evaluated as a highly reliable machine.
▶ The use of computers has spread to business, industry, airlines, universities, etc.
▶ Programs were developed using high-level languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
③ 3rd generation computer (1965~1971)
▶ Kilby of Texas Instrument and Noyes of Fairchild Semiconductor first developed IC (Integrated Circuit) chips between 1959 and 1961.
▶ Starting around 1964, conventional transistor elements in computers were replaced with IC chips.
▶ With the mass production of IC chips, the price of computers has become much cheaper, and computer performance has also improved incomparably.
▶ There were many types of mainframe computers throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the most representative mainframe being the IBM System/360.
▶ The most notable fact in the second half of the 3rd generation was the growth of minicomputers, and DEC developed the world's first minicomputer, PDP-8, in 1968.
④ Fourth generation computers (1971-1980)
▶ During this generation, computers were developed using the microprocessor as the main component of the technology.
▶ Microprocessors were also based on LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technologies. They were developed by assembling several integrated circuits on a single silicon chip.
▶ Microprocessors not only helped make computers smaller but also made them so powerful and reliable. Due to their compact size, computers became available for personal use during the fourth generation.
▶ Besides, high-level programming languages such as C, C ++, DBASE, etc. were used in computers of this generation. Time-sharing, network-based, distributed operating systems were also used in computers of this generation..
▶ Fifth-generation computers are based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, AI (artificial intelligence) software, and parallel processing hardware. ULSI has revolutionized the development of microprocessors.
▶ Now, about ten million electronic devices can be assembled on a single microprocessor chip. On the other hand, AI is helping computers to react efficiently against natural languages.
▶ The fifth-generation period is believed to have started in 1980 and is continuing. This means that the current generation is the fifth generation of computers. Fifth-generation computers are still using integrated circuits to meet various needs. However, the main technology is AI where there is still room for improvement.
Part 03: |
|
Contemporary use and classification of computers | |
▶ The scope of use has expanded as a result of changes over time due to the development of computers.
▶ Computers were classified according to size, scope of use, processing method, and processing power.
◈ Changing times in computer use
① Institution-oriented computing era (beginning in the 1950s)
▶ Mainframe computers (large computers) are used by many people at the same time, mainly in large corporations, government agencies, and universities.
▶ Mainframe computers developed after the mid-1950s have an extremely limited user group.
▶ Today, mainframe computers are used in engineering and scientific fields that require complex calculations, corporate business applications, management information systems (MIS), large-scale CAD/CAM applications, factory automation, traffic management systems, military applications, and computer-assisted command and control. It is used in fields such as control systems (C3I).
② Personal computing era (started around 1975)
▶ In the early days of the emergence of personal computers, they were mainly used by individuals for document processing, data storage, and simple calculations.
▶ Before the Internet became common, personal computers were mainly used in the office automation field and included word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, statistical software, and graphics software.
③ The era of human-to-human computing (beginning around 1995)
▶ Before 1980, computers were mainly used in a stand-alone form.
▶ LAN (Local Area Network) using Ethernet, which connects computers distributed in various locations through a WAN network, has been active since 1980.
▶ In particular, web services were developed in 1989 after the birth of the Internet network.
▶ The web browser Netscape Navigator, released in 1994, and Microsoft's Internet Explorer, released in 1995, played a major role in popularizing Internet use.
④ The era of embedded and ubiquitous computing
▶ In the 1970s, microprocessor chips for computers were developed, and since then, special-purpose microprocessor chips and memory chips for home appliances have been developed.
▶ Today, all digital home appliances such as digital TVs, MP3 players, and digital cameras, as well as automobiles, have microprocessors built into them (i.e., embedded).
▶ In a ubiquitous environment, microprocessor chips exist hidden in various places, providing a useful environment for humans along with sensors.
Learning Content 2: Types of Computers
Part① |
|
Mainframe computers and supercomputers | |
② Supercomputers are used when very complex and fast calculations are required, such as in weather forecasting, telephone network design, oil exploration, computer simulation, and medical image processing.
③ The world’s fastest ‘NEC Earth Simulator’ installed at the Yokohama Earth Science Research Institute in Japan performs 40 trillion mathematical calculations per second.
Part② |
|
servers and workstations | |
① A server computer is a computer that supports multiple users simultaneously. Minicomputers or workstations are generally used.
② A workstation is a high-performance desktop computer with excellent calculation capabilities and is mainly used by professionals such as scientists, engineers, financial analysts, designers, and animation creators.
③ However, recently, as the performance of PCs has approached that of workstations, the boundary between workstations and PCs has become unclear.
Part③ |
|
PCs and laptops | |
② A PC is, in principle, a relatively inexpensive computer designed for personal use.
③ Laptop computers are almost the same as PCs in terms of price and functionality, but are more portable. (Portability), Laptop Computer
Part④ |
|
mobile computer | |
② Mobile computers include PDAs, smart phones, and netbooks.
③ With the wireless Internet function, real-time wireless Internet access is possible.
Part⑤ |
|
embedded computer | |
① Representative household products include wristwatches, toys, game consoles, stereo systems, DVD players, and MP3 players equipped with special-purpose microprocessor chips.
2nd session : Summary of computer history and classification methods
1. Today's computer principles were proposed by British mathematician Babbage's Analytical Engine.
2. Von Neumann's program-embedded method proposed a program-embedded computer in which all data and programs are loaded into the computer's memory and then executed in order.
3. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as circuit elements, the second generation used transistors and magnetic cores, the third generation used integrated circuits, and the fourth generation used ultra-high density integrated circuits.
4. Mainframe computers are computers used by large organizations such as banks, airlines, large corporations, and public institutions.